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Slavery was a very common practice in Ancient Greek history, as in other places of the time. It is estimated that the majority of Athenian citizens owned at least one slave; most ancient writers considered slavery natural and even necessary. This paradigm was notably questioned in Socratic dialogues; the Stoics produced the first recorded condemnation of slavery.〔J.M.Roberts, ''The New Penguin History of the World'', p.176–177, 223〕 Modern historiographical practice distinguishes chattel (personal possession) slavery from land-bonded groups such as the penestae of Thessaly or the Spartan helots, who were more like medieval serfs (an enhancement to real estate). The chattel slave is an individual deprived of liberty and forced to submit to an owner, who may buy, sell or lease them like any other chattel. The academic study of slavery in ancient Greece is beset by significant methodological problems. Documentation is disjointed and very fragmented, focusing primarily on Athens. No treatises are specifically devoted to the subject, and jurisprudence was interested in slavery only inasmuch as it provided a source of revenue. Comedies and tragedies represented stereotypes while iconography made no substantial differentiation between slaves and craftsmen. ==Terminology== The ancient Greeks had several words for slaves, which leads to textual ambiguity when they are studied out of their proper context. In Homer, Hesiod and Theognis of Megara, the slave was called / ''dmōs''.〔Chantraine, s.v. .〕 The term has a general meaning but refers particularly to war prisoners taken as booty〔For instance ''Odyssey'' 1:398, where Telemachus mentions "the slaves that goodly Odysseus won for ()".〕 (in other words, property). During the classical period, the Greeks frequently used / ''andrapodon'',〔Used once by Homer in ''Iliad'' 7:475 to refer to prisoners taken in war; the line was athetized by Aristarchus of Samothrace following Zenodotus and Aristophanes of Byzantium, see Kirk, p.291.〕 (literally, "one with the feet of a man") as opposed to / ''tetrapodon'', "quadruped", or livestock.〔Chantraine, s.v. .〕 The most common word is ''doulos'',〔(Definition ) from LSJ.〕 used in opposition to "free man" ( / ''eleútheros''); an earlier form of the former appears in Mycenaean inscriptions as ''do-e-ro'', "male slave" (or "servant", "bondman"; Linear B: ), or ''do-e-ra'', "female slave" (or "maid-servant", "bondwoman"; Linear B: ).〔Mycenean transliterations can be confusing and do not directly reflect pronunciation; for clarification see the article about Linear B.〕 The verb (which survives in Modern Greek, meaning "work") can be used metaphorically for other forms of dominion, as of one city over another or parents over their children.〔Chantraine, s.v. . See also Mactoux (1981).〕 Finally, the term / ''oiketēs'' was used, meaning "one who lives in house", referring to household servants.〔Chantraine, s.v. .〕 Other terms used were less precise and required context: : * / ''therapōn'' – At the time of Homer, the word meant "squire" (Patroclus was referred to as the ''therapōn'' of Achilles〔''Iliad'', 16:244 and 18:152.〕 and Meriones that of Idomeneus〔''Iliad'', 23:113.〕); during the classical age, it meant "servant".〔Chantraine, s.v. .〕 : * / ''akolouthos'' – literally, "the follower" or "the one who accompanies". Also, the diminutive , used for page boys.〔Chantraine, s.v. .〕 : * / ''pais'' – literally "child", used in the same way as "houseboy",〔Chantraine, s.v. .〕 also used in a derogatory way to call adult slaves.〔Cartledge, p.137.〕 : * / ''sōma'' – literally "body", used in the context of emancipation.〔Chantraine, s.v. .〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Slavery in ancient Greece」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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